From "Katharine the Great," by Deborah Davis, National Press, Inc., Maryland, Copyright 1979, 1987, page 138, 139:

"MOCKINGBIRD was the CIA's response to a propaganda body called the International Organization of Journalists....which...had been taken over by Communists. The group received money from Moscow and controlled reporters on every major newspaper in Europe, disseminating stories that promoted the Communist cause."

"By the early 1950s, [Frank] Wisner had implemented his plan and "owned" respected members of the New York Times, Newsweek, CBS, and other communications vehicles, plus stringers, four to six hundred in all, according to a former CIA analyst. Each one was a separate "operation," requiring a code name, a field supervisor, and a field office, at an annual cost of tens of hundreds of thosands of dollars - there has never been an accurate accounting. Some of these journalists thought of themselves as helpers of the Agency, some simply as patriots who wanted to run stories that would benefit their country; some did not know where their information was going, or did not know that the information they received as "planted" with them. The Agency considered all of them to be operatives."